Extrinsic semiconductor
One may also dope the semiconductor material. Semi-conductor materials are doped with impurities chosen to give the material special characteristics. One may want to add extra electrons or remove electrons.
Doping atoms are chosen from elements in group III or V of the periodic table[1] which are similar in size to silicon atoms. Thus individual intrinsic semiconductor atoms may be replaced with dopant atoms to form an extrinsic semi-conductor.
The binding energy of the outer electron added by the impurity is weak. This is represented by placing the excess electrons just below the conduction band. Thus very little energy is required to move these electrons into the conduction band. Thus an extrinsic semi-conductor operating at room temperature will have most of these "extra" electrons existing in the conduction band. Thus at normal operating temperature, . Where nc is number of conduction electrons and Nd is the number of dopant atoms.
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Electron_Device_Modeling:Semiconductor_Physics