Except that the Massei court does not uphold that part of it. The Massei court, even in eventually convicting, was presented with prosecution theories which changed frequently - so much so that the Massei motivations report explaining the guilty verdict had to invent a completely different motive.
The motive for the killing was Guede's and Guede's alone, acc. to Massei. Massei specifically wrote that he could see both no evidence and no motive for AK and/or RS to initiate an attack on the victim.
But Massei theorized that eventually, both AK and RS joined in on the attack. In theorizing about that, did Massei return to anything that the prosecution had presented at trial? Satanic rite? Sex-game gone wrong? No.
Massei said it had been a "choice for evil", a choice made while AK had been away from her otherwise normal home, and far from the normal moral strictures she had otherwise been used to. Massei theorized that it was a one-off evil choice made by an otherwise non-evil person - or at the very least with nothing in her background to explain the choice.
Me to. It has occurred to me that if I had been in on it since the beginning, my own confirmation biases could have developed differently.
While that might be technically correct, I would imagine >95% of the people who knew of the case and then heard of the conviction ONLY paid attention to the conviction, and that, in turn, confirmed that everything they had heard about Amanda must be true.
I agree... we all have confirmation bias. It could not have been easy to read/listen to the media those first couple of years and NOT conclude anything other than the worst about Amanda. To change your opinion after that would require major commitment to accepting facts and dismissing rumor and innuendo.
I question whether we truly all have confirmation bias, if "confirmation bias" is defined as a dysfunctional persistence in supporting an original judgment or hypothesis by, for example, unfairly (unconsciously or, as sometimes used, consciously) dismissing contrary evidence.*
I believe many persons are aware that one must consider both any contrary as well as supportive evidence, including the validity of the evidence, in evaluating a hypothesis. On the other hand, there are certainly others who ignore valid contradictory evidence in order to support an initial or favored hypothesis.
It's clear that in the Knox - Sollecito case, the police and prosecutors exhibited confirmation bias, if one accepts that this term may be used for conscious decisions to ignore contrary evidence and to accept clearly invalid supporting evidence. (Instead, some may call this method of evaluation of evidence "unfairness" or "cheating", thereby avoiding a complex psychological concept that itself must be empirically demonstrated as "real".)
* In the 1960 experiments apparently first demonstrating confirmation bias, at least 6, but possibly 16, of the 29 subjects did not show confirmation bias, according to this article:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/...ont/201905/the-curious-case-confirmation-bias
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