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Origin of the Swan Lake story

Rolfe

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Just fishing for opinions here.

A rough, selective outline of the story of Swan Lake. The hero, Siegfried, falls in love with the leader of the swan maidens and promises to be faithful to her. However, back in the real world he is tricked into proposing to the wrong girl and so breaks his promise. This proves catastrophic and he ends up dead, together with his first love, in a dénouement which involves a body of water (the lake) rising up and drowning the stage.

A rough, selective outline of the story of Götterdämmerung. The hero, Siegfried, falls in love with the leader of the valkyries and promises to be faithful to her. However, back in the real world, he is tricked into proposing to the wrong girl and so breaks his promise. This proves catastrophic and he ends up dead, together with his first love, in a dénouement which involves a body of water (the river Rhine) rising up and drowning the stage.

We all know that valkyries are swan maidens, right?

Now it's true that's selective and there are many differences between the stories, most importantly in my opinion the absence of a Gunther character in Swan Lake. However, here's the thing. When an artist takes a basic story or other idea and uses it in a new work, he re-conceptualises it, changes the context and creates something new. He doesn't just file off the serial numbers. (And in this case Tchaikowsky doesn't actually appear to have filed off the most important serial number, the hero's name.)

The origin of the story of Götterdämmerung is well known. It's a very clever mash-up of essentially two versions of the Sigurd/Siegfried myth, the Volsunga Saga and the Nibelunenlied, with bits of the Thidrik's Saga and other versions of the story thrown in. I had originally vaguely imagined that Swan Lake was based on one or another of the several versions of the same myth in existence, however that is not the case. Wikipedia states that the origin of the story is not known (nobody seems to have asked Tchaikowsky?)

There is no evidence to prove who wrote the original libretto, or where the idea for the plot came from. Russian and German folk tales have been proposed as possible sources, including "The Stolen Veil" by Johann Karl August Musäus, but both those tales differ significantly from the ballet.

One theory is that the original choreographer, Julius Reisinger, who was a Bohemian (and therefore likely to be familiar with The Stolen Veil), created the story. Another theory is that it was written by Vladimir Petrovich Begichev, director of the Moscow Imperial Theatres at the time, possibly with Vasily Geltser, danseur of the Moscow Imperial Bolshoi Theatre...


It's noteworthy that the closest resemblance to the Swan Lake story is the Götterdämmerung mash-up itself, not any of the source legends. There is also only one legend involving a hero called Siegfried (or sometimes Sigurd), the one about the dragonslayer who was tricked into betraying his valkyrie love and marrying the wrong girl, although it occurs in multiple versions.

Now here's the coincidence. The text of Götterdämmerung was first published in about 1853, but Wagner didn't compose the music until much later, between 1869 and 1874. Work began quite soon thereafter on the first stage performance which occurred in July 1876. This was a very big deal in the musical world, Wagner finally finishing the magnum opus he'd been working on since 1848. The story was hardly a secret, having been published some time previously, and musical scores were also published I believe. I doubt if there were many musicians who were unaware of what was being produced.

Tchaikowsky wrote Swan Lake in 1875-76 and its première was in 1877. So at exactly the time Swan Lake was being created, the musical world was buzzing with the culmination of the story of Siegfried who swore to be eternally faithful to a valkyrie (a swan maiden), was tricked into proposing to the wrong girl, broke his vow, and ended up dead with his original beloved in a catastrophe involving the nearby body of water rising in a flood.

My somewhat half-baked theory is that Tchaikowsky was influenced by Götterdämmerung and based the core of his story on that, although much re-worked. Whether this was homage, or jumping on the bandwagon, or whether the story of the hero marrying the wrong woman through trickery was simply something that inspired him I don't know. I also think he expected people to get it (bandwagon?), hence not changing the hero's name, but when they didn't he just left the origin of his story a mystery.

Any thoughts, assuming anyone even reads this subforum any more? Am I completely wrong or is there possibly something in this?
 
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As far as I can see, recycling plot lines seems to be quite a common thing, from back then even into modern times. Libretto writers such as Rossini, Puccini, Wagner, Donizetti, Verdi, et al were forever stealing stuff from each other and from earlier writes like Salieri, Gluck and Cimarosa. IIRC, Puccini's estate sued Andrew Lloyd Webber for plagiarising material for his music "Phantom of the Opera"

This happens in movies and TV series as well. The chick-flick "Ten Things I Hate About You" (Julia Stiles, Heath Ledger, Joseph Gordon-Levitt) was a straight recycle of William Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew".

One that immediately comes to mind for me (because I spotted the plot similarities while I was watching) was the 2006 Episode of "Cold Case" titled "Joseph"

In the story, Joseph is found to have been killed at home by a shotgun blast to the face through his door.* There appear to be no viable suspects as the detectives work to solve the open case. One of those detectives becomes emotionally involved, and starts to fall in love with the victim's photograph and as the story unfolds surrounding the type of person he was. Joseph is later revealed to still be alive - the actual victim being a friend of similar appearance and build who was looking after Joseph's home while he was away.

If this all sounds familiar its because this is the exact same plot as the classic 1944 Film Noir movie "Laura" (Gene Tierney, Dana Andrews, Vincent Price, Clifton Webb).

* alfaniner will have already guessed where the plot came from by this point.
 
"Good composers borrow; great ones steal."

--Igor Stravinsky

When people commented to Brahms on the similarity of his First Symphony's 4th movement theme to Beethoven's Ode to Joy, he acknowledged the similarity saying that ANYONE can write a tune - it's what you do with it that matters.(paraphrased). Needless to say, they are both great works.
 
I think it was pretty much the norm for these dramas to be based on pre-existing material. Certainly all Wagner's dramas (except Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, which was his own original story) were reworkings of much older mythological material and that's no secret. I have a brilliant book called "Legends of the Wagner Drama" published in 1896 which goes into it all. It's not where you got the material that was important but what you did with it.

I find Swan Lake interesting because the basic bones of the similarities to Götterdämmerung stood out for me among, of course, a lot of material that is very dissimilar. Realising that there is no agreed major source for the story, and that it was being written concurrently with the near-frenzy in the musical establishment that accompanied the completion of the score of Götterdämmerung (in 1874) and then the work to bring it to the stage in 1876, makes me feel this is more than just a coincidence of names, swan maidens, mistaken wooing and overflowing water features.

This isn't a case of "oooh, plagiarism!" any more than one could accuse Wagner of plagiarising the Volsunga Saga and the Nibelungenlied. It's an observation about a possible, previously unrecognised, link between two great works of are that doesn't detract from the stature or the originality of either of them.
 
When people commented to Brahms on the similarity of his First Symphony's 4th movement theme to Beethoven's Ode to Joy, he acknowledged the similarity saying that ANYONE can write a tune - it's what you do with it that matters.(paraphrased). Needless to say, they are both great works.

Brahms has quite a history of works consisting of "Variations on a Theme by" several different composers.
 
From what I have read, Tchaivkovsky based it on Russian and German folk tales.
Anyway those stories were in the public domain anyway.
 
From what I have read, Tchaivkovsky based it on Russian and German folk tales.
Anyway those stories were in the public domain anyway.


Which ones though? And was it even Tchaikowsky, or did someone else write the story for him? Wikipedia doesn't seem sure.

Wagner based Götterdämmerung on the Siegfried legend, of which there are a variety of versions out there, and all, as you say, are in the public domain. This has nothing to do with whether or not anything is in the public domain, it's an inquiry into whether one composer based a work of his on something another composer was buzzing the airwaves with at the time he was writing it. If he did, he had every right to do it. It's an artistic question, not a copyright one.

There's no secret about the legends on which Götterdämmerung is based. And there has never been any hindrance to anyone else basing their own work on the same legends. (Just as well, or an awful lot of people from Tolkein to Terry Pratchett to Neil Gaiman would be in trouble.) If Tchaikowsky had come out and said, this story leans on the same material as Wagner's story, nobody would have criticised him in the slightest.

My curiosity is about whether Tchaikowsky just happened to write a ballet about a hero called Siegfried (when there is only one Siegfried in myth and legend, the one Wagner was writing about), who fell in love with the leader of the swan maidens (valkyries in the mythology) but back in the real world was tricked into proposing to/marrying the wrong girl, thus fatally breaking his oath and so coming by his death, that death involving a nearby body of water overflowing and flooding the stage. Whether this was pure coincidence that he wrote that during the very two years when the musical world was buzzing with the imminent première of Wagner's magnum opus about a hero called Siegfried who, yadda yadda, what I just said.

My feeling is that it wasn't a coincidence, I mean I know about The Wreck of the Titan, but the name Siegfried has one connotation when you're dealing with legendary material, and it's the hero Wagner co-opted. If it had been an unconscious influence, or even a conscious influence Tchaikowsky wanted to conceal, the name is such a giveaway - especially in 1876-77 when the big event was the brand new Bayreuth Festival and the new production of the Ring.

I think it was a nod to Wagner and his current project, which Tchaikowsky thought would be picked up from the name, and maybe garner him a bit of interest on that account. And then when nobody actually noticed, he just let it slide.
 
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That was hilarious, and whoever was in the pig costume was a genius - and also an accomplished dancer.

Kitty is fine. Beginning to show slight signs of growing into a cat. He'll be six next month.
 
Yes he does, all good. :)


That's kind of what I'm wondering about Swan Lake, although as regards plot, not music. Is this actually another in the genre of "Variations on the theme of Siegfried the dragon-slayer", which many authors have tackled.
 
[Idiotic nitpick] Valkyries are (in Nordic mythology) female characters who select which fallen warriors are worthy of going to Valhalla. No mention of swans there. The word means "choosers of the battlefield". [/idiotic nitpick]

Hans
 
That's kind of what I'm wondering about Swan Lake, although as regards plot, not music. Is this actually another in the genre of "Variations on the theme of Siegfried the dragon-slayer", which many authors have tackled.

My own view, and I'm no expert, is that the swans represent ideals rather than carry a literal plot-line per se. Namely, the iconic battle between good and evil as symbolized by Odile as the black swan being evil and Odette in white representing good. All the more symbolic because they are both danced by the same person. And of course, good triumphs.
 
[Idiotic nitpick] Valkyries are (in Nordic mythology) female characters who select which fallen warriors are worthy of going to Valhalla. No mention of swans there. The word means "choosers of the battlefield". [/idiotic nitpick]

Hans


I know what valkyries are. However, there is a strong strand in that mythology of the valkyries also being swan maidens.

The most famous valkyrie is probably Brynhild, who was stripped of her valkyrie position for disobeying Odin and giving the victim to a hero called Agnar, rather than to Odin's favourite Hjalmgunnar. The main sourse says she did it because she felt sorry for him, because no deity had offered him protection (and boy did Wagner take that one and run with it), but there is another poem on the same events where Agnar actually holds Brynhild to ransom by nicking her feathers.

It's not an accident that many productions of Die Walküre show the valkyries in winged helmets, the wings representing their swan nature, and Götz Friedrich, in his famous production for the Royal Opera House, had them in stylused feather cloaks.
 

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