I've been using C# for years and years, its a good first language to learn, and has lots of nice things for advanced users.
Resources:
Head First C#, 2nd Edition. Highly recommended, was published in 2010 and is up-to-date with C# 4.0. Good for first-time programmers. Make sure you get the latest version, which corrects errors and typos from earlier version.
C# In Depth. Intended for intermediate-to-advanced users, covers a lot of the nuts and bolts of .NET, and how it influenced the design of C#.
Development environment:
Visual Studio Express (Windows). Highly recommended.
Monodevelop (Linux, Windows). Preferred on Linux environments.
emacs or
vim (Linux, Windows). "Expert friendly." Learning curve and configuration is prohibitively annoying for first-time programmers, but once you get through that, makes a good general-purpose editing environment.
For getting help:
Stackoverflow, well-known programming Q&A site. Be aware that SO has a "help those who help themselves" culture. You can expect fast, correct answers to good questions, but don't expect hand-holding. Example question: how to compute a sha512 hash in C#.
Programmers.SE, for more general, open-ended questions about programming. Example question: book recommendations for C#.
Beyond C#:
F# Wikibook. Assumes no prior programming experience, lots of code snippets to learn functional programming style. F# compliments C# very nicely. Functional programming makes you a more rounded, general purpose programmer.