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Is religious tolerance a bad idea?

Meadmaker
I think community reinforcement of morality, and rituals geared toward that end do indeed play a significant role in enhancing people's moral lives. The public affirmation that there is a proper way to live helps people choose that proper way when confronted with an opportunity for immoral behavior.
By specifying ‘community’ you’ve already removed religion since religion is not necessary for community. What you are actually arguing is social teachings and social pressure may prevent some people from doing ‘bad things’. On that basis I agree, just reference peer pressure and remember being a teenager. However, brining religion into the mix is not needed and ImaginalDisc has provided some very compelling data that basing groupings only on religion indicated that organized religion is actually detrimental to actually following ethics.

Ossai
 
Meadmaker
Who said anything about necessity?
You are the one equating social groups and pressure with religion and then declaring positive social pressure religion and negative social pressure not religion.

Ossai
 
And eggs can be a part of a balanced diet, but they aren't a necessary part of a balanced diet.
 
No, commraderie is not good, especially not when it comes from a feeling of exclusivity that comes from thinking that everyone else is going to hell. Every army, secret society and fraternal order has a sense of commraderie, it's nothing special. Commeraderie based on an expectation of an afterlife that'll never happen isn't good.

Well, it did seem that you were grouping this among things that were arguably good but not unique to Christianity. Sorry if I misunderstood you.

At any rate, I see no reason to believe that Christian camaraderie generally comes from a sense of exclusivity, or even that it is necessarily based on an expectation of an afterlife. I'm not even sure why that's relevant.


Moral lessons? Well, the moral lessons of Christianity are neither good, nor even comprehensible. The Bible's relentlessly contradictory about moral values, and the various Chrisitan denominations have a plethora of different answers for each question you might pose. Chrisitanity's morality is based on empty faith, rather than reason.

Nevertheless, Christian moral philosophy/theology has doubtless been the single biggest influence on the development of the Western moral tradition. Whole areas of contemporary moral and ethical inquiry grew out of it.

It is also a mistake to think that the Christian moral tradition is one based on faith rather than reason, but more on that later.


Christanity, being a religion, requires that its followers reject reason and rational thought in their worship, and replace it with obedience and faith. Little if any good has ever come from blind obedience and a lack of reason.

But that just isn't true. Christianity, unlike many of its early rivals, embraced logic and reason, which turned out to have a decisive effect on the course of human progress in a number of intellectual and practical domains. (There is a large body of academic literature on this basic theme, some of which is covered in the infamous "Is religion slowing us down?" thread. I can provide some bibliographical suggestions if you like.)

Rejecting reason and rational thought in favor of blind faith is not, historically speaking, a Christian characteristic. Indeed, this is an old form of heresy called "fideism". The old Catholic Encyclopedia describes fideism in these terms:

A philosophical term meaning a system of philosophy or an attitude of mind, which, denying the power of unaided human reason to reach certitude, affirms that the fundamental act of human knowledge consists in an act of faith, and the supreme criterion of certitude is authority.

...

For some fideists, human reason cannot of itself reach certitude in regard to any truth whatever; for others, it cannot reach certitude in regard to the fundamental truths of metaphysics, morality, and religion, while some maintain that we can give a firm supernatural assent to revelation on motives of credibility that are merely probable. Authority, which according to fideism is the rule of certitude, has its ultimate foundation in divine revelation, reserved and transmitted in all ages through society and manifested by tradition, common sense or some other agent of a social character. ...

In addition to these systematic formulae of fideism, we find throughout the history of philosophy from the time of the sophists to the present day a fideistic attitude of mind, which became more or less conspicuous at different periods. Fideism owes its origin to distrust in human reason, and the logical sequence of such an attitude is scepticism. It is to escape from this conclusion that some philosophers, accepting as a principle the impotency of reason, have emphasized the need of belief on the part of human nature, either asserting the primacy of belief over reason or else affirming a radical separation between reason and belief, that is, between science and philosophy on the one hand and religion on the other. ...

As against these views, it must be noted that authority, even the authority of God, cannot be the supreme criterion of certitude, and an act of faith cannot be the primary form of human knowledge. This authority, indeed, in order to be a motive of assent, must be previously acknowledged as being certainly valid; before we believe in a proposition as revealed by God, we must first know with certitude that God exists, that He reveals such and such a proposition, and that His teaching is worthy of assent, all of which questions can and must be ultimately decided only by an act of intellectual assent based on objective evidence. Thus, fideism not only denies intellectual knowledge, but logically ruins faith itself.

It is not surprising, therefore, that the Church has condemned such doctrines.


Regardless of the truth or falsity of its teachings, does this really sound like an outfit that "requires that its followers reject reason and rational thought in their worship, and replace it with obedience and faith"?
 
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However, brining religion into the mix is not needed and ImaginalDisc has provided some very compelling data that basing groupings only on religion indicated that organized religion is actually detrimental to actually following ethics.

Yet this doesn't really appear to be the case. From the abstract of one major sociological metastudy (Lee Ellis, "Religiosity and Criminality: Evidence and Explanations of Complex Relationships", Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct. 1985)):

Assertions about the relationship (or, sometimes, the lack of a relationship) between religiosity and criminality are examined in light of over 50 research studies, paying special attention to how criminality and particularly religiosity were operationalized in each study. These studies reveal that three religiosity-criminality relationships have been established. The best documented relationship is between church attendance and crime rates. At least among church members, the evidence consistently indicates that frequent church attenders have lower crime rates than infrequent attenders, especially regarding victimless offenses. Second, among the main Western religions, membership in the Jewish religion is associated with lower crime rates, compared to Christian religious membership as a whole; and, among Christians, Protestants as a whole have lower crime rates than Catholics. Third, belief in an afterlife with divine punishment possible, at least among persons who consider themselves members of an organized religion, is associated with lower crime rates.


From T. David Evans et al., "Religion and Crime Reexamined: The Impact of Religion, Secular Controls, and Social Ecology on Adult Criminality", Criminology, Vol. 33, Issue 2 (May 1995) (abstract):

Our research ... [tests] the religion-crime relationship in models with a comprehensive crime measure and three separate dimensions of religiosity. We also control for secular constraints, religious networks, and social ecology. We found that, among our religiosity measures, participation in religious activities was a persistent and noncontingent inhibiter of adult crime.


From Ellis & Peters, "Crime and Religion: An International Comparison Among Thirteen Industrial Nations", Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 20, Issue 6 (June 1996) (abstract):

At the individual level of analysis, evidence has accumulated in support of the hypothesis that persons who are most religious commit crimes at lower rates than those who are least religious. This study examined the relationship at a societal level, based on 1990–1991 data from 13 industrial nations. Overall, the findings revealed that more religious countries have lower crime rates than less religious countries, at least regarding property crimes (as opposed to either aggressive or victimless offenses). As has been reported when comparing individuals, this relationship was more pronounced in the case of "overt" aspects of religiosity (especially church attendance and church membership) than in the case of any specific religious beliefs.
 
Regardless of the truth or falsity of its teachings, does this really sound like an outfit that "requires that its followers reject reason and rational thought in their worship, and replace it with obedience and faith"?


I think the real answer is that there are certain aspects of belief that many believers simply choose not to examine. A Christian rarely questions whether or not God exists, or, if the do so, they do so at only a superficial level. They ask whether the world as they know it is consistent with the existence of God, and they don't spend a lot of time worrying about that question, either. They just take a quick glance, and go on their merry way.

This lack of skepticism is often taken for lack of rationality or lack of critical thinking ability.
 
Yet this doesn't really appear to be the case. From the abstract of one major sociological metastudy (Lee Ellis, "Religiosity and Criminality: Evidence and Explanations of Complex Relationships", Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct. 1985)):




From T. David Evans et al., "Religion and Crime Reexamined: The Impact of Religion, Secular Controls, and Social Ecology on Adult Criminality", Criminology, Vol. 33, Issue 2 (May 1995) (abstract):




From Ellis & Peters, "Crime and Religion: An International Comparison Among Thirteen Industrial Nations", Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 20, Issue 6 (June 1996) (abstract):

What fascinatingly vaccuous claims you've discovered!

However, the fact remains that atheists and agnostics are far less likely to be criminals than theists.

Let;s just address this bizzare notion that Christianity has been a postitive influence on the moral development of Western civilization. The early Roman church was pro-slavery.

Christians who are slaves should give their masters full respect so that the name of God and his teaching will not be shamed. If your master is a Christian, that is no excuse for being disrespectful. You should work all the harder because you are helping another believer by your efforts. Teach these truths, Timothy, and encourage everyone to obey them. (1 Timothy 6:1-2 NLT)

Jesus seems to agree.

The servant will be severely punished, for though he knew his duty, he refused to do it. "But people who are not aware that they are doing wrong will be punished only lightly. Much is required from those to whom much is given, and much more is required from those to whom much more is given." (Luke 12:47-48 NLT)

Murder? I'm sure I don't need to proove to you that the Bible cheerfully approves of, and even deamnds murder and the vilest of retributions for all manner of crimes. The Bible even commands people to commit genocide.

The Holocaust? The Chruch approoved of that. Wars of Imperialism? Cheerful approval from the Chruch of england and Catholic Chruch alike. The Inquisition? Ditto. The Crusades? Wild applause from the chruch. Even int the 1800's, Christian chruches preached that black skin was the mark of Cain, and that slavery was the god appointed lot in life for black people.

Christanity has opposed every progressive and moral step forward humanity has taken in the last 2000 years.
 
What fascinatingly vaccuous claims you've discovered!

However, the fact remains that atheists and agnostics are far less likely to be criminals than theists.


The weight of the research (see the cited metastudies in particular) indicates that persons who are less religious commit crimes at higher rates than persons who are more religious. You don't seem to be dealing well with the fact that religious behavior is negatively linked to criminal behavior.

The fact (if fact it is) that a disproportionately large number of U.S. prison inmates list a theistic religious preference doesn't change this. Indeed it is hard to see what relevant or reliable conclusions could be drawn from that fact alone, and very easy to see why both religious identification and religious behavior are probably incentivized once people are already incarcerated, including among people who previously did not exhibit any religious behaviors.


Let;s just address this bizzare notion that Christianity has been a postitive influence on the moral development of Western civilization. The early Roman church was pro-slavery.

Christians who are slaves should give their masters full respect so that the name of God and his teaching will not be shamed. If your master is a Christian, that is no excuse for being disrespectful. You should work all the harder because you are helping another believer by your efforts. Teach these truths, Timothy, and encourage everyone to obey them. (1 Timothy 6:1-2 NLT)

Jesus seems to agree.

The servant will be severely punished, for though he knew his duty, he refused to do it. "But people who are not aware that they are doing wrong will be punished only lightly. Much is required from those to whom much is given, and much more is required from those to whom much more is given." (Luke 12:47-48 NLT)

Well, I don't know what you're specifically referring to when you suggest that the early Roman church was pro-slavery. I also think you're adding a pro-slavery spin to 1 Timothy, which is far better explained and understood as an obvious corollary of the Christian teaching that people ought to have respect for others and love those who persecute them.

I can tell you that Christianity played a significant role in the disappearance of chattel slavery and the slave trade from the West. You should already have known this from this thread, or this one, or this one, wherein I and others have previously discussed the topic.


Murder? I'm sure I don't need to proove to you that the Bible cheerfully approves of, and even deamnds murder and the vilest of retributions for all manner of crimes. The Bible even commands people to commit genocide.

I will suppose for the sake of argument that parts of it, particularly in isolation, could be read that way, but thankfully the Bible generally hasn't been read that way by Christians. Are we more interested in assessing Christian doctrine as it has actually, historically developed, or in (for example) carrying out exegesis on Old Testament texts?


The Holocaust? The Chruch approoved of that.

I'm afraid you've been badly misinformed. The truth is pretty much the opposite. Rabbi David Dalin's book The Myth of Hitler's Pope would be a good starting point to get you back on the right track (and here's a related article by Prof. Dalin to whet your appetite).


Wars of Imperialism? Cheerful approval from the Chruch of england and Catholic Chruch alike. The Inquisition? Ditto. The Crusades? Wild applause from the chruch. Even int the 1800's, Christian chruches preached that black skin was the mark of Cain, and that slavery was the god appointed lot in life for black people.

Absent specific allegations and sources, it's hard to refute this. I suspect that, as with most topics touching on religion, you harbor manifold misconceptions as to the factual histories of such things as the Inquisition (or inquisitions, since there was no real monolithic Inquisition). I'm just a little hesitant to find out how bad, and how many.


Christanity has opposed every progressive and moral step forward humanity has taken in the last 2000 years.

This is where you truly embarrass yourself, ID, even in front of a fairly sympathetic audience of nonbelievers. It's the fact that you think that Christianity - one of the most important cultural influences (if not the most important) on the past 2,000 years of Western civilization, history, philosophy, literature, art, law, invention and many other areas - could have failed to contribute entirely to any of the astounding accomplishments in human endeavors which history has witnessed in that time. This is unbelievably extreme and inherently implausible, and its untruth is obvious to anyone who does not have some vested subjective interest in denying it.

I could refer you back again to the voluminous research presented in the "Is religion slowing us down?" thread establishing the falsity of your statement above as it applies to history of science and technology (which presumably you would consider to be a "step forward" for humanity). I could also tell you, within my own legitimate field of expertise, that Christianity contributed much to the development of modern judicial systems and procedures.

But why bother? It's clear to everyone that, whatever the origins of your biases in the matter, you simply cannot be persuaded to soften your extreme, irrational, and frankly bigoted stance toward religion in general and Christianity in particular. It's almost as if you fear it's a zero-sum game of some sort: if you don't take every single opportunity to defame Christianity, you will somehow be the less for it, or Christianity might become ever-so-slightly truer.

Yet look around you. Does it not give you even the slightest pause, for example, that hardly any historians or other scholars appear to agree with your extreme assessment of history?

I apologize to all for losing my patience with this stuff.
 
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The weight of the research (see the cited metastudies in particular) indicates that persons who are less religious commit crimes at higher rates than persons who are more religious. You don't seem to be dealing well with the fact that religious behavior is negatively linked to criminal behavior.

And just where IS this evidence? I see statements, not evidence.

The fact (if fact it is) that a disproportionately large number of U.S. prison inmates list a theistic religious preference doesn't change this. Indeed it is hard to see what relevant or reliable conclusions could be drawn from that fact alone, and very easy to see why both religious identification and religious behavior are probably incentivized once people are already incarcerated, including among people who previously did not exhibit any religious behaviors.

It's obvious what conclusion can eb drawn: Religion is irrelevant to moral behavior.




Well, I don't know what you're specifically referring to when you suggest that the early Roman church was pro-slavery. I also think you're adding a pro-slavery spin to 1 Timothy, which is far better explained and understood as an obvious corollary of the Christian teaching that people ought to have respect for others and love those who persecute them.

Try reading the Bible sometime.

http://www.skepticsannotatedbible.com/topics/slavery.html


I can tell you that Christianity played a significant role in the disappearance of chattel slavery and the slave trade from the West. You should already have known this from this thread, or this one, or this one, wherein I and others have previously discussed the topic.

I'm not going to sit here and be lied to. While some Christians in the 1800's condemmed slavery, just as many cheerfully supported it.



I will suppose for the sake of argument that parts of it, particularly in isolation, could be read that way, but thankfully the Bible generally hasn't been read that way by Christians. Are we more interested in assessing Christian doctrine as it has actually, historically developed, or in (for example) carrying out exegesis on Old Testament texts?


There's such a ridiculously wide plurality of Christian churches and doctrines, we could spend years cataloging what each specific church has to say.




I'm afraid you've been badly misinformed. The truth is pretty much the opposite. Rabbi David Dalin's book The Myth of Hitler's Pope would be a good starting point to get you back on the right track (and here's a related article by Prof. Dalin to whet your appetite).

I've read it, and quite frankly, it's hogwash. Read "Hitler's Pope." Hitler himself was an altar boy, and sprinkled Mien Kampf and his priviate writings with a great deal of pious christian thoughts.




Absent specific allegations and sources, it's hard to refute this. I suspect that, as with most topics touching on religion, you harbor manifold misconceptions as to the factual histories of such things as the Inquisition (or inquisitions, since there was no real monolithic Inquisition). I'm just a little hesitant to find out how bad, and how many.

How remarkable, I was about to say exactly the same about you.




This is where you truly embarass yourself, ID - the fact that you think that Christianity - one of the most important cultural influences (if not the most important) on the past 2,000 years of Western civilization, history, philosophy, literature, art, law, invention and many other areas - could have failed to contribute entirely to any of the astounding accomplishments in human endeavors which history has witnessed in that time. This is unbelievably extreme and inherently implausible, and its untruth is obvious to anyone who does not have some vested subjective interest in denying it.

Oh, I don't deny that Christianity has had an influence on western civizilation, the stink of it is everywhere. Christanity has been resistent to the progress of civilization since its inception.

I could refer you back again to the voluminous research presented in the "Is religion slowing us down?" thread establishing the falsity of your statement above as it applies to history of science and technology (which presumably you would consider to be a "step forward" for humanity). I could also tell you, within my own legitimate field of expertise, that Christianity contributed much to the development of modern judicial systems and procedures.

Ceo, Please stop being so absurd. English common law predates contact with Christianity. The Bible proscribes punishments of death for any neighboring village that worships a different god. The Bible recomends depending on circumstances, mairrage to the victim as a punishment for rape. The Bible's system of law is bloody, brutal, and without any degrees of proportionality. It's fines or death for anyone who transgresses.

You can link to the incorrect and misleading statements you've previously made, but it won't do you any good.

But why bother? It's clear to everyone that, whatever the origins of your biases in the matter, you simply cannot be persuaded to soften your extreme, irrational and frankly bigoted stance toward religion in general and Christianity in particular. It's almost as if you fear it's a zero-sum game of some sort: if you don't take every single opportunity to defame Christianity, you will somehow be the less for it.

Yet look around you. Does it not give you even the slightest pause, for example, that hardly any historians or other scholars appear to agree with your extreme assessment of history?

I apologize to all for losing my patience with this stuff.

If everyone around me beleived the moon to be made of cheese, that would not make the moon a tasty snack. Religion, Christianity included, is a harmful delusion. Christanity's history is full of blood, hate, conquest, and destruction.
 
I was trying to be funny in the sense that, obviously, the key to morality isn't the quality, or lack thereof, of the singing. You had brought up off key singing as one of the things you could get without Christianity. I thought it was kind of funny to defend off key singing.
Communal singing is powerfully binding, be it a congregation's hymn or the Horst Wessel song.

Seriously, no jokes in the rest of this post.
Best not, eh? :)
 
Where to start, ID ... I'm going to have to take this piecemeal, due to time constraints, and to the extent there is material worth addressing in your last post.


ImaginalDisc said:
Ceo, Please stop being so absurd. English common law predates contact with Christianity.

English common law has some origins that predate contact with Christianity, but the vast majority of its development came much later. Recall that among the most important figures of the formative centuries of early common law were Alfred the Great and later Anglo-Norman kings such as Henry II (each of whom is sometimes referred to in my field as a "father of the common law"). Pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon law, such as it was, had very little that any knowledgeable legal scholar would describe as modern or progressive, particularly in areas such as judicial process, to which I referred. Many modern legal traditions and concepts do not predate the revolutionary reforms of 12th- and 13th-century Europe, and a great number of these and subsequent reforms are linked to institutional Christianity.

As someone who has substantial professional and academic expertise in the history of Western legal institutions, permit me to suggest to you that you simply don't know what you're talking about. Unfortunately, I lack the time and incentive to make up for what would, if you were a jurist, constitute serious lacunae in your education. I can, if you so desire, recommend qualified sources for self-study, however.


ImaginalDisc said:
If everyone around me beleived the moon to be made of cheese, that would not make the moon a tasty snack.

Obviously not, but no one's talking about an argument from simple popularity here. If you believed lunar geology to be a certain way, knowing that you were not personally a legitimate expert on the moon, and yet you noticed that virtually no astronomers or astronauts were in close agreement with you, you might reexamine your opinions. If you cared about the basis of those opinions and about reason generally, that is.
 
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But every generation is born just as ignorant at the previous one. I agree with your assessment of why just societies aren't natural ...
I haven't actually got onto the why, just the evidence that they aren't. 21stCE and nobody can point to a surviving example.

... but then what do we do about it? I don't think we throw in the towel and say that it's natural for us to live like monkeys. We still ought to try and rise above monkeydom in our level of justice. So how do we do that?
Firstly and principally we have to recognise our monkeyness. Religions and ideologies are dreamt up in opposition to our monkeyness. They imagine a rational utopia and try to make people fit it. That's just the idealists, the scam-artists (and magicians :)) understand our monkeyness all too well.

Efforts and progress have been made towards more just societies all over the world at various times. In many ways world society is a better place than it was a century ago. But what's biggest in the news? Guns and God. And a chimp in the White House. Who apparently thinks he's a god's summoned agent.

How do I rise above monkeydom? I can't, I'm a monkey. I can try to recognise my inner monkey and compensate but I doubt I'll ever rid myself of its influence.
 
Firstly and principally we have to recognise our monkeyness. Religions and ideologies are dreamt up in opposition to our monkeyness. They imagine a rational utopia and try to make people fit it.

There's a certain truth to that, although one could argue that what they try to do is demand people attempt to achieve non-monkeydom in their actions.

You could even look at original sin in this light. The Catholics, who are most into the idea, preach that we all have a sinful nature, and it is our job to overcome it. Of course they wrap that whole idea around God and relate the sin to some story in the Garden of Eden, but perhaps there is a different story here.

To digress for a moment, I have this idea that the religions that last for thousands of years do so because they address some sort of human need, and speak some sort of human truth, even if it often gets shrouded in myth and the point gets lost. So, perhaps, people in ancient times recognized that we were all monkeys at heart, i.e. that left to our own devices we were selfish, ignorant, dung flingers, who would probably drop really big rocks on kids who wear glasses. Not wanting to live like monkeys, these ancient wise men recognized that in order to not get hit by dung so often, we must overcome our monkey-nature, and start acting like human beings. They said we must give up our monkey nature, and follow our God nature, or Buddha nature, or some other non dung flinging nature.

The really smart ones tried to explain this to their fellow human beings, but a big one didn't get it, and threw some dung at the smart one. So, the smart ones tried again. This time, they made up a story about two naked people living in a nice place, but were just kind of bored sitting around, not really knowing anything. (Not even noticing that they were naked) Along came a wise animal who told them that if they wanted to really figure out how things worked, they had to become more like gods, and the key to that was to figure out that some things are good, and some things are bad. Seeing a big one looking bored and eyeing a pile of dung, the smart one said, "What I mean was, they had to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil." So, they did that, and it turned out that being a bit more godlike was overrated, and that ignorance had been bliss, but as long as they had eaten the fruit, they might as well get round to planting farms and making babies, even if they knew it was going to hurt in the long run.

The dumb ones still weren't getting it, and they had progressed from dung to rocks, so the smart ones said, "You're right. They never should have listened to the snake in the first place. In fact, I have a big, big, friend who told me that, and he kicked them out and put me in charge, so give me 10% of your stuff and I'll keep him happy for you so he doesn't kill your cattle unless he makes a bet. And, while you're at it, stop throwing things at me, or you'll get yours from the big guy."

So, people got the basic message, which was good, that we ought to be moral, but they didn't really get what it meant. It sort of devolved into a bunch of rules. Meanwhile, they also forgot that we were basically monkeys, and that it was ok to act like monkeys once in a while, like when making baby monkeys, just as long as no one got hurt. They took the rule to be "don't act like monkeys" instead of "don't act like monkeys all the time".

I think that religions can do a great service by encouraging non-monkeyness, but they have to be careful that they don't turn that into a bunch of rules that take us totally away from our true natures.

Well, I'm not sure exactly what that meant, but it was fun typing it, so I'm going to leave it for you to read.
 
Ceo, this is clearly a fruitless conversation. You and I obviously reside on different planets. If you honestly believe that Christianity played no role in the Holocaust, the Inquisition, the Crusades, and Slavery in the U.S. we have nothing to discuss on the matter. We've both read all the pertinent material the other believes relevant, and neither of us has become convinced that the other's position has merit. If you're going to simply restate positions and assertions you've previously made in other threads while I do the same, we're not going to get anywhere.

Let's assume we've both covered that old ground again.

That said, is religious tolerence a good idea? I say no. All religious should be treated as diseases, infectious plagues that have hounded humanity for thousands of years, causing more death, misery and suffering than any virus or bacterium, and which every day are inflicted on helpless children too weak to defend themselves.

You answer would be?
 
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