Calcareous benthic foraminifera are important contributors to reef sediments, sometimes producing the bulk of carbonate sands in shallower environments (Hohenegger, 2006; Figure 1E).
Data from previous ocean acidification events identified in the geologic record (e.g., deep-sea sediment cores) indicate that calcifying benthic foraminifera are vulnerable to ocean acidification.
Approximately 40% of benthic foraminifera species went extinct at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (55 million years ago), which included a strong ocean acidification event (Zachos et al., 2005; Kump et al., 2009), and calcifying foraminifera went extinct at the Permian-Triassic boundary (around 250 million years ago) although the agglutinated forms did not (Knoll et al., 2007). Note that these extinction events also coincided with elevated temperatures and hypoxia, so it is difficult to discern which environmental change was the smoking gun. However, experiments that exposed both calcareous and noncalcareous benthic foraminifera to high CO2 levels confirm that calcareous species are indeed sensitive to high CO2 perturbations while noncalcareous species are not (Bernhard et al., 2009).