Taxation has never been about value received.
It is about funding the operations of the government.
Doesn't matter if you are paying tribute to the Athenian League, paying your harvest labor obligation to the Manor your village was attached to, or filling out your 1040. The operation of the government is what you are paying for.
In modern almost-democracies, the scope of the operations of government was determined by people that the population as a whole elect. As is the means of taxation. Now, bearing in mind that they serve the people as a whole via the Constitution, should they be taking more from the people who would feel the least pain as a result? How should that elected body vote given that mandate?
Now, that isn't usually what happens, is it? Money can influence many things, and politicians are one of them, and voters another.
Now, while they need NO justification for a steeply progressive income tax (example, 1963 tax tables, adjusted for inflation) I do believe if you sum up what it would cost to run, say, a steel mill in an America with no federal or state government, you would quickly find that your taxes are a bargain even if your name is Rearden. Industry needs things that are very expensive to obtain in an anarchy, like security, fire protection, etc.