The top two pics look like
inclusions in the sandstone. The link is about inclusions in quartz but the processes are similar. The white rock is probably quartz or if it's softer, calcium carbonate is a possibility.
I agree it looks like embedded concrete in the bottom two. The half circle on the bottom of the last pic looks like an iron pipe almost completely eroded. But I can't tell for sure just from the one image.
Sedimentary concretions form in the ocean and the shoreline then erode out again.