Is it true that there are atoms within our bodies that once formed part of William Shakespeare's body, by virtue of his decomposition, dispersion and our digestion?
That's an interesting question. Let's see if we can check it with a quick-and-dirty calculation.
The CO
2 that Shakespeare breathed out during his life may have contained, let's say, 5 tons of carbon - these carbon atoms were at some point part of his body. Let's assume that the winds did a thorough job mixing that CO
2 throughout the atmosphere, which contains some 750 billion
* tons of carbon, so the concentration of Shakespearean carbon would be about 1 part per 150 billion
*.
Some of that carbon has been locked up in the biosphere since then, but it would be too far-fetched for this rough calculation to estimate how much. If none of it entered the biosphere, the concentration would be about 1 part per 150 billion
*, and if all of it were evenly distributed throughout the whole biosphere (some 42 trillion
* tons of carbon), the remaining atmospheric concentration would be about 1 part per 9 trillion
*. Let's simply assume the current atmospheric concentration of Shakespearean carbon is somewhere between those two values.
Because people usually don't eat old trees and marine sediments, but relatively fresh biomass, the concentration of Shakespearean carbon in our food - therefore in our bodies - should be about the same as atmospheric concentration. Our bodies contain about 18% of carbon by mass, and 1 kg of carbon contains about 50 septillion
* atoms.
Given the assumptions mentioned above, we should therefore expect an adult human weighing 70 kg to contain something between 60 and 4200 trillion
* carbon atoms that were once part of Shakespeare's body.
*short scale
Supernovae. Every single trans-iron atom in your body was once part of a supernova. Beats most of the local heroes.
Many of the trans-iron atoms were once part of a supernova, but many others were likely created via
s-process and may never have been through a supernova explosion.
(For extra nitpickiness: there may even be some atoms that were never part of any star and were formed in some rare collision or other exotic process. These would be very rare, of course, but then again the number of atoms in a human's body is very large.)